Barriers of breastfeeding initiation among African-American mothers are influenced by multiple variables that stem from cultural, psychological, and historical contexts. 

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The decision to breastfeed is influenced by partners, grandmothers, communities, and health care providers. The naturalness, or divine design by God, is taught in religious teachings among the Christian and Muslim faiths, yet faith leaders rarely speak about breastfeeding . 

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Gainful knowledge is a component to breastfeeding success. Knowledge deficits are described as limited time with health care providers, breastfeeding not openly discussed, and continued lack of support among partners and peers. In addition, the inability to access private nursing rooms in local communities and promotion of formula at WIC centers contributes to early cessation of breastfeeding and perceived bias among young urban African-American women.  

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Education on breastfeeding’s immunological and nutritional benefits, as well as increased breastfeeding support serves a multitude of populations. Acknowledging non-standardization of breastfeeding within communities and perceived individual bias felt by African-American mothers address fundamental issues in breastfeeding success. Lastly, inclusion of the matriarch support person during breastfeeding sessions promotes the consistency of information during the breastfeeding journey. 

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